Our family pet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Our family pet - Essay Example For that reason, I would recommend anyone to consider having a pet, especially a dog since it also serves a protective purpose (Bonham 4). One of the pros of having a pet is that one never gets bored. A pet also makes one responsible for remembering when to feed it, wash it, and do other things to keep it healthy (Bonham 12). However, if one gets so much involved in the affairs of the pet, they may become irresponsible in doing other things that are of life importance. One ought to balance between being with the pet and doing other activities. For instance, if one carries a pet dog to the workplace, it may end up being a disgrace when it attacks other people. However, having a pet has made me more responsible by learning how to take care of the animal. Anyone considering having a pet must ensure that they love the pet of their choice. For instance, one must not own a dog as a pet if he or she does not like

Comparative Analysis Essay Example for Free

Comparative Analysis Essay Abstract We are in what is known at the Information Era. The Information Era is the ability to exchange information in a manner that is effective and efficient. Information is important to the way we do things. It gives instructions on what to do and how to do it. There are many different genres of communications. They all provide different information in different situations In today’s society, there are a number of different communication genres. Each communication genre is meant to provide certain information to a certain group of people. In this paper, I will discuss five different communications genres. I compare rules and regulations, policy handbook, policy manual, policy guide and policy memorandum. I will discuss the similarities and difference in each genre, discourse conventions used. Genre is the means by which communications are sent out. â€Å"Genres are categories or forms into which documents and websites are grouped together based on written and visual characteristics they have in common, and which readers associate with them. Genres are valuable because their predictable forms and consistency aid in reading comprehension and efficiency. Genres help readers grasp information quickly and effectively. † (Allison and Williams 2008). Each of the genres that I will discuss relates to rules, policies and procedures specific to different events. The first is rules and regulations. Rules and regulations is a principle that regulates or controls conduct. Rules and regulations are most often used for sports or contests. Rules and regulations are used by referees (in sporting events), players, as well as fans. Next, there is the policy handbook. A policy handbook is usually a set of rules and regulations provided to an employee of company or to students enrolled in school. The policy handbook provides information on things such as an attendance policy, compensation and pay, drug and alcohol policy, leaves of absence, etc. Next there is the policy manual is more detailed than a policy handbook. The policy manual includes procedures and instructions on completing particular tasks. For instance, a policy manual would give an employee the instructions on providing technical support for a computer malfunction. Other forms of communications genres are policy guide and policy memorandum. A policy guide is a document that contains the current policies and guidelines of an organization. This document is also used for the internal employees of an organization or company. Finally there is a policy memorandum. A policy memorandum informs employees or even customers of an organization of changes to current policies. The policy memorandum will let you know what the policy is, the changes that were made to the policy and when the change will take effect. Each of these genres is similar in that they all provide direction, rules and regulations to certain events or jobs. The discourse conventions used in each of these documents are very similar. Each genre can be used in any one field or even multiples fields. Most of the genres that have been discussed are intended for internal use. Rules and regulations, policy handbook, policy manual, and policy guide are generally used by employees or a company or organization. They detail internal regulations and policies. The information contained in these documents will be more technical and important to how the company is run. This information in most cases will not affect external users. Policy memorandum is a document that may be important to both internal and external users. References Allison, Libby. , Williams, F. Miriam (2008). Writing for the Government http://www. jpkf. org/JPKF-Policy-Guide/index. htm http://wilcoxen. maxwell. insightworks. com/pages/275. html

Expenditure Cycle

Expenditure Cycle Learning Outcomes Describe and discuss the business activities that related to data processing operations that performed in the expenditure cycle and identify the information needed to make those decisions. Spot and dealing with the major threats and estimate the adequacy of various control procedures in the expenditure cycle. Understand and familiar with a data model (REA diagram) of the expenditure cycle. Introduction What Should You Know!! The Expenditure Cycle The expenditure cycle involves interactions with your suppliers. You buy goods or services and pay cash. The primary objective of the expenditure cycle is to minimize the total cost of acquiring and maintaining inventory, supplies, and services. Also to ensure that all goods and services are ordered as needed, receive and verify that they are in good condition as were ordered. Accounting for expenditures is an answer for all questions related to activity in any organization. Accounting entities have increased requirements due to budgetary reporting needs and the variety of different fund types related to the expenditure cycle. The recording of expenditure related transactions must be carefully monitored and controlled to meet these requirements. Objectives of the Expenditure Cycle The primary objective of the expenditure cycle is to minimize the total cost of acquiring and maintaining inventory, supplies, and services. Other objectives related to expenditure cycle: To ensure that all goods and services are ordered as needed To receive all ordered goods and verify that they are in good condition To safeguard goods until needed To ensure that invoices pertaining to goods and services are valid and correct To record and classify the expenditures promptly and accurately To post obligations and cash disbursements to proper suppliers’ accounts in the accounts payable ledger To ensure that all cash disbursements are related to authorized expenditures To record and classify cash disbursements promptly and accurately Figure 3.1: Context Diagram of the Expenditure Cycle Figure 3.2: Level of Expenditure Cycle Basic Activities for Expenditure Cycle There are three basic activities performed in the expenditure cycle are: 1. Ordering goods, supplies, and services the Key decisions in this process involve identifying what, when, and how much to purchase from whom to purchase. Weaknesses in inventory control can create significant problems on inaccurate records cause shortages and one of the key factors affecting this process is the inventory control method to be used. We will consider three alternate approaches to inventory control: Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)-traditional approach to managing inventory just in Time Inventory (JIT)*-seeks to reduce inventory levels by improving the accuracy of forecasting techniques Materials Requirements Planning (MRP)*-to minimize or eliminate inventory by purchasing or producing only in response to actual sales The order processing typically begins with a purchase request followed by the generation of a purchase order for inventory control system. The demanding to purchase goods or supplies is triggered by the inventory control function or an employee noticing a shortage. For advanced inventory control systems, initiate purchase were automatically requests when quantity falls below the reorder point. The need to purchase goods typically results in the creation of a purchase requisition. The purchase requisition is a paper document or electronic form that identifies: Who is requesting the goods Where they should be delivered When they’re needed Item numbers, descriptions, quantities, and prices Possibly a suggested supplier Department number and account number to be charged The purchase requisition is received by a purchasing buyer (Agent) in the purchasing department that typically performs the purchasing activity and the detail on the suppliers and the items purchased can be pulled from the supplier and inventory master files. A crucial decision is the selection of supplier and basic considerations are price, quality and dependability. Based on this three criteria’s, the supplier has should selected and identify a product so its can become part of the product inventory master file so the supplier does not have to be carried out and repeated every time for every purchasing for products that are seldom ordered. It’s also important to track and periodically evaluate supplier performance including data on purchase prices, rework and scrap costs and supplier delivery performance to make sure the process it’s done on time. Purchase Order A purchase order is a document or electronic form that formally requests a supplier to sell and deliver specified products at specified prices. The PO is both a contract and a promise to pay. It includes: Names of supplier and purchasing agent Order and requested delivery dates Delivery location Shipping method Details of the items ordered Multiple purchase orders may be completed for one purchase requisition if multiple vendors will fill the request. The ordered quantity may also differ from the requested quantity to take advantage of quantity discounts. Blanket Order A blanket order is a commitment to buy specified items at specified prices from a particular supplier for a set time period. Reduces buyer’s uncertainty about reliable material sources Helps supplier plan capacity and operations Information Technology on ordering In AIS, Information technology also can help and improve for efficiency and effectiveness of purchasing function based on time and cost using: Electronic Data Interchange(EDI) to transmit purchase orders vendor-managed inventory systems reverse auctions pre-award audits procurement cards for small purchases 2. Receiving and storing these items The receiving department is responsible to accepts deliveries from vendor or suppliers and reports it to warehouse manager that who reports to Vice President (VP) of Manufacturing. Inventory stores department typically stores the goods and also reports to warehouse manager. The receipt of goods must be communicated to the inventory control function to update inventory records. The two major responsibilities of the receiving department are deciding whether to accept delivery and verifying the quantity and quality of delivered goods.The first decision is based on whether there is a valid purchase order is accepting an unordered goods wastes time, handling and storage. Verifying the quantity of delivered goods is really important so the company only pays for goods received and inventory records are updated accurately Companies must an effectively and clearly communicate with their staff especially receiving clerk so that all deliveries counting accurately. The receiving clerk need to sign receiving report, record the quantity received and also carefully examine each delivery for signs of obvious damage before routing the inventory to the warehouse. The receiving report is the primary document used in this process: It documents the date goods received, shipper, supplier, and Purchase Order (PO) number Shows item number, description, unit of measure, and quantity for each item Provides space for signature and comments by the person who received and inspected Receipt of services is typically documented by supervisory approval of the supplier’s invoice. When goods arrive; a receiving clerk compares the PO number on the packing slip with the open PO file to verify the goods were ordered. Then counts the goods Examines for damage before routing to warehouse or factory Three possible exceptions in this process: The quantity of goods is different from the amount ordered The goods are damaged The goods are of inferior quality If one of these exceptions occurs, the purchasing agent resolves the situation with the supplier and typically allows adjustment to the invoice for quantity discrepancies. If goods are damaged or inferior, a debit memo is prepared after the supplier agrees to accept a return or grant a discount. One copy goes to supplier, who returns a credit memo in acknowledgment and other copy to accounts payable to adjust the account payable and other one go to shipping to be returned to supplier with the actual goods. IT can help improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the receiving activity: Bar-coding RFID EDI and satellite technology Audits 3. Paying for these items There are two basic sub-processes involved in the payment process: Approval of vendor invoices-by the accounts payable department, which reports to the controller. The legal obligation to pay arises when goods are received and the basic approach for processing vendor invoices are non-voucher system and voucher system Actual payment of the invoices-Payment of the invoices is done by the cashier, who reports to the treasurer.The cashier receives a voucher package, which consists of the vendor invoice and supporting documentation, such as purchase order and receiving report. Internal Control for Expenditure Cycle Before we move on to discuss internal controls in the expenditure cycle, let’s do a brief review of the organization chart, including: Who does what in the expenditure cycle To whom they typically report Purchasing: selects suitable suppliers and issues purchase orders. Receiving: decides whether to accept deliveries and counts and inspects deliveries. Inventory Stores: stores goods that have been delivered and accepted. Account Payable: approves invoices for payment Cashier: Issues payment to vendors. Figure 3.3: Partial organization chart for units involved in expenditure cycle In the expenditure cycle, Accounting Information System (AIS) should provide internal and external controls to ensure that the following objectives are met: All transactions are properly authorized All recorded transactions are valid All valid and authorized transactions are recorded All transactions are recorded accurately Assets are safeguarded from loss or theft Business activities are performed efficiently and effectively The company is in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations All disclosures are full and fair Threat and Control There are several actions a company can take with respect to any cycle to reduce threats of errors or irregularities. These include: Using simple, easy to complete documents with clear instructions Using appropriate application controls, such as validity checks and field checks Providing space on forms to record who completed and who reviewed the form Pre-numbering documents to encourages recording of valid and only valid transactions. Restricting access to blank documents (reduces risk of unauthorized transaction). The threats that may arise in the three major steps of the expenditure cycle, as well as general threats, Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) related threats, and threats related to purchases of services. Before we discuss specific threats, it may be helpful to have some background on a form of occupational fraud and abuse which is broadly referred to as corruption. Corruption cases often involve arrangements between a company’s purchasing agent and a sales representative for one of the company’s vendors. The vendor’s representative may try to induce the purchasing agent to buy goods that are over-priced, inferior quality. Aren’t even needed and also aren’t even delivered. In exchange, the vendor’s rep typically offers the purchasing agent something of value. That â€Å"something† might be money, payment of a debt, a job offer, an expensive vacation, or anything the purchasing agent might value. According to the Fraud Examiner’s Manual published by the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, these schemes usually take four forms: Bribery Conflict of interest Economic extortion Illegal gratuities Information Needs for Expenditure Cycle: Information is needed for the following operational tasks in the expenditure cycle, including Deciding when and how much inventory to order Deciding on appropriate suppliers Determining if vendor invoices are accurate Deciding whether to take purchase discounts Determining whether adequate cash is available to meet current obligations Information is also needed for the following strategic decisions based on setting prices for products/services, establishing policies on returns and warranties, deciding on credit terms, determining short-term borrowing needs and planning new marketing campaigns. The AIS needs to provide information to evaluate purchasing efficiency and effectiveness, supplier performance, time taken to move goods from receiving to production and percent of purchase discounts taken. Both financial and operating information are needed to manage and evaluate these activities. Both external and internal information are needed when the AIS integrate information from the various cycles, sources, and types, the reports that can be generated are unlimited. They include reports on: Supplier performance Outstanding invoices Performance of expenditure cycle employees Number of POs processed by purchasing agent Number of invoices processed by A/P clerk Number of deliveries handled by receiving clerk Number of inventory moves by warehouse worker Inventory turnover Classification of inventory based on contribution to profitability We also know that an accountant should continually refine and improve these performance reports Summary In this subtopic, we really learned about the basic business activities and data processing operations that are performed in the expenditure cycle on: Ordering goods, supplies, and services Receiving and storing them Approving invoices and paying for them We also learned how IT can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of these processes and learned about decisions that need to be made in the expenditure cycle and what information is required to make these decisions. This subtopic also discuss about the major threats that present themselves in the expenditure cycle and the controls that can mitigate those threats

The Pardoner’s Tale of Chaucers Canterbury Tales :: Pardoners Tale

The Canterbury Tales - The Pardoner’s Tale   One might assume that the person telling the story has a lot to do with the story they're telling.   This is the case in the Geoffrey Chaucer's "The Canterbury Tales." In the tale of "The Pardoner's", the voice tells a tale dealing with his famous preach; "Radix malorum est Cupiditas."   In English, "The root of all evil is Greed." An ironic distinction can be made with what a "Pardoner" is known to be, the character (the voice/Pardoner), and the tale that he tells.   Through the Prologue of the Pardoner's Tale one can say that he lives up to his name.   As the â€Å"Webster† dictionary states, â€Å"a medieval ecclesiastic authorized to raise money for religious works by granting papal indulgences to contributors.† Pardoner's were known to be granters of the church.   Which in reality, they would keep all of the money given to them by generous people.   They were generally associated with being untrustworthy and sneaky.   In reality they did have a gift for preaching, but they didn’t exactly follow what they preach.   In the Prologue the Pardoner shows his true self. Chaucer, describes him as bad as he dislikes him.   Portraying him with having long, greasy, yellow hair, and also beardless ("The Pardoner's Tale".) The Pardoner revealing in the Prologue, that the only thing he cares about is money.   â€Å"I preach nothing except for gain† (Pardoner’s Tale.) Aside from being extremely greedy, he is also a hypocrite.   He preaches the one thing that he’s most guilty for. â€Å"Avarice is the most of all evil† (â€Å"The Pardoner’s Tale†.) The greed and hypocrisy is also shown in the tale that he tells.   Throughout the tale itself, the greed and hypocrisy that the Pardoner has, is also shown.   In the tale, three friends begin a Journey in order to kill death.   During their journey, they meet an old man that tells them where they can find a treasure.   He also warns them that in no way is it good treasure.   At this point in the tale, the three friends show their greed, and later their hypocrisy, by planning to kill the other to keep the treasure.   Eventually, that greed and hypocrisy leads to their downfall.

Lead with Example

Matthew Vetter English 101 Professor Melanie Bussiere September 25th, 2010 A Conflict Of Interest Stability in a ruler’s morals and ethics are a vital asset to have when ruling a group of people. With similarities shared between the ruler and the common person the ruler will then be able to relate and be more respected amongst the population, as opposed to a ruler who rules with his own self interest at hand.In the piece, The Prince, Niccolo Machiavelli argues the many principles of how a prince should and should not rule. In order to rule successfully he states a prince must possess some of the following characteristics; morality, a strong army, strict rule, common ground with his people and also to be widely respected. Machiavelli laid the ground work for many rulers in the future with his modern view in a time where rulers were primitive and ruled through fear and terror.The Prince and its ideas can even be seen today in our modern day presidents and kings proving that Mach iavelli had compelling ideas and arguments for how leaders can obtain and hold a position of power successfully. Respect, the most important quality a leader should have, is the basis for any relationship whether it is between friends or a ruler and his people. The prince depicted in Machiavelli’s work has no respect for or from the population and this solely is his major flaw.Machiavelli states, â€Å"Spending the wealth of others does not lesson your reputation but adds to it; only spending what is your own is what hurts you†. In order to gain the respect he must forge relationships, sacrifice what is his own and respect the lives of his people. It is seen through his methods of war that he spends the lives of his people frivolously sending them on missions where the fatalities are extremely he high due to the fact he has no care for the population as long as his position is protected from outside enemies .The prince grew up rich, privileged and oblivious to the hard ships faced by the working class. His followers grew up in a completely different lifestyle with responsibilities, battles and hard work the two different lives clash, making it impossible for him to share experiences or believe their personal thoughts and aspirations for the civilization if they conflict with his own. Due to the conflicting ideologies of the Prince and his people he will never be able to lead successfully in theory of Machiavelli.These views can even be seen in modern day, when a president or person of power is involved in scandal or betrayal of his people he is impeached and removed from the position of power and that is exactly what will happen to a Prince who cannot control his people. Along with caring about his fellow man that is ranked below him on the social ladder, a prince according to Machiavelli must show compassion along with being able to control. In the view of Machiavelli, â€Å"it is far safer to be feared than loved if you cannot be both†, a leader must find common ground with his people and show interest without leniency within the rules.With this healthy balance of freedom and strict rule Machiavelli provided a solid background for how a leader or in this case a Prince can keep order. The exampled Prince in the essay found it quite difficult to relate to his less fortunate counterparts causing them to not cooperate with his decisions despite the threat of death to those who oppose so without respect and fear no man can truly rule according to Machiavelli. Earning a leadership role through your actions provides a steady background, and respect from the people who will be following you.Many rulers come up through family and their reign is usually short lived. This is due to their inexperience in battle, leadership roles and how to treat a population. A prince regardless of his prior experience and actions will generally rule from a pedestal with belief he is always correct with preconceived notions that his opinion is always higher than those below him or her they will never take others serious. With this mind set it is impossible for someone to rule effectively because they will not take other opinions or view into consideration until it is too late.This is evident in Machiavelli’s piece when he explains the situation in which the Duke of Milan’s sons came into leadership. The boys came into rule after their father and had no respect for the population or their opinion and were quickly over thrown through the force of an outraged population. Leadership is built behind respect and respect is built behind camaraderie and previous acts in which display the character of a leader. The actions of a prince before coming into rule will define his entire reign of power.It will determine whether it is short lived or the start of a prosperous empire. Machiavelli laid down the frame work for the ideal leader to retain power and keep order. The beliefs of Machiavelli have been seen time after t ime in our current leaders around the globe. Their fallacies are seen exactly as Machiavelli saw them and their good qualities are also seen. Nonetheless, it is impossible to say how to perfectly rule as there will always be those to oppose for their own personal reasons but the essay The Prince, is as close of a depiction of the ideal ruler to date.

MCdonald vs Taco Bell Essay

Since the last decades the fast-food industry has been developing rapidly and has effectively penetrated majority of the market internationally. MC Donald, started in 1954, is now the world leading global food service retailer generating a revenue of 28.11 billion U.S dollars in 2013 (MC Donald’s revenue 2013). Contrarily, due to the poor managerial function, Taco Bell , an American chain of fast food restaurants founded in 1962, hits upon a weak sales during 2000 (Taco Bell corporation). This essay will discuss about the different managerial skills namely planning, organizing, leading and controlling adopted by these two organizations. Planning refers to the most important means, which one must use to ensure success of an organization (Wren, Bredeian and Breeze 2002, 906-918). Changing their Big Mac into Maharaja Mac show how Mc Donald is being actively engaged in building strong customer relations. In comparising, Taco Bell were not respecting the quality of their product as it contained genetically modified corn which results in lower sales (Dorey 2000, 1136-7) Organizing are building strong labour forced to help the business to perform in a competitive way. In order to make improvements, MC Donald focus mainly on training his workforce professionally, they also delivered training programs up to 40 languages to help employees to adapt to different cultures. Taco Bell, in 1988 due to his poor labour management, sales were being lost (Hueter and Swart 1998, 75-91) Leading is the use of influence to motivate employees to achieve organizational goals (Richard Daft, quoted in Rysward Barnat, 2014). Donald Thompson, CEO of MC Donald, has led the company thought a very competitive period and maintains their market share. Taco Bell was engaged in infringing stage laws as they were not paying employees who work overtime for them (New York Times 1997). Controlling is an ongoing process which determines whether the film on target towards its goals. MC Donald make their employees work according to standards. Each franchise must abide the severe supplier policies. Taco Bell following a pressure campaign launched against them, they had to increase the wages of the farm workers who supply them tomatoes. Through strict and clear approaches under the winning leadership and planning of Donald Thompson, the CEO of MC Donald has created a good image for the company and therefore these results in loyal customers. Conversely, Taco Bell with his poor managerial skills,  they suffer a lot from weak sales for their products. A perfect combination of the four management function of Fayol has been the key driver behind the success of MC Donald.

Historical relationship of the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos and How it is changing the environment.

Historical relationship of the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos and How it is changing the environment. Introduction Richard White studied at the University of Washington, Santa Cruz and the University of California. White is the author of the book The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos. Currently, he is a history professor at Stanford University.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Historical relationship of the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos and How it is changing the environment. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More White has worn several awards, such as the James A. Rawley Prize awarded by the Organization of American Historians, the Francis Parkman Prize from the Society of American Historians, and the Albert J. Beveridge Award of the American Historical Association, among them. Previously, Professor White taught at the Michigan State University, University of Utah, and University of Washington. His area of speciality includes Native Americans so cial change and dependency, corruption during the Gilded Age, and Environmental history as well as studying lakes, rivers and railroads. He has written several books which include The Remaking of the Columbia River: A History of the American West and The Organic Machine: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815, Its Your Misfortune and None of My Own: The Middle Ground. Within the United States history, narratives of American Indians remain marginalized. The need for a scholar to rise up and confront the paradigm of colonialism and narrate indigenous stories is imperative. This is because these stories are quite complex and worth being told accurately, and as such, the minorities are brought into the historical center so as they may be redeemed from the silence sideline. It goes without saying that the principal medium for indigenous voice is the ability of individuals to design their own history. In his book, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos, Richard White expounds on this concept by discussing three different case studies concerning the Navajo, Pawnee, and Choctaw tribes. In his study, White uses approaches and ideas from different fields, mainly ecology, history, and anthropology. As a major contributor to the American West history, White is of the view that there is a complexity that subsists between the aforementioned tribes, a growing capitalistic economy, and their surroundings. In an effort to explore these trends, White digs deep into the chronological prism of dependency. Book summary Whites argument which is opposite to other scholars’ arguments on the usefulness of dependency theory is basically inspired by Immanuel Wallenstein’s work, particularly on his submissions of The Modern World System. The use of Whites dependency theory in his narrative is very crucial as it explains how nations or even individuals are integrated i nto the wider system of capitalist economy.Advertising Looking for book review on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Likewise, in the argument advanced by White in his book The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos, he contends that through dependency theory, the struggle between periphery and center can be established (White 6). This model is a sufficiently detailed structure that encompasses environment, economy, politics, and culture as forces which contribute to the decline in the autonomy of the indigenous groups. Nevertheless, White is quick to observe that there are some shortcomings of the homogenized theory which are not accounted for by dependency. He further claims that one would be making a big blander to deny the conclusion of these histories since that would amount to reducing them into a cause that is simple and singl e while they are not. In the other chapter of the book, White uses an interdisciplinary approach by joining together findings from ecology, history, and anthropology. In every methodology, he presents his narrative of causes of an eventual indigenous decline and its dependence upon an economic system introduced by the Anglo- Europeans. Through the use of the anthropologic concept of assessing reciprocal effects of groups that are closely related, otherwise known as close controlled comparisons, White is able to analyze the experiences of Pawnee, Navajo and Choctaw tribes. It should however be noted that in his analysis, White only uses the micro analysis approach, thus failing to weigh up adoptions of other native tribes that are closely related to Pawnee, Navajo and Choctaw tribes. Throughout his case study, however, there is a clear illustration of the role played by the process of colonialism in marginalizing native people to a periphery socio economy, as well as stimulating the Anglo- European power. There were several factors that contributed to the decline of Choctaw tribe and the ultimate reliance on the economic system of Anglo- Europe. Some of these factors involved the environment and geographical landscape which this tribe inhabited. In their subsistence farming, the Choctaw group used basic irrigation method, this method of farming allowed them to gather crop yields and promote a united community with a solid political base. Nevertheless, the social harmony experienced by the Choctaw tribe was short-lived particularly with the arrival of the European explores and the Spanish merchants in the Choctaw community during the 18th century. There was a drastic turn of events and the community had no choice but to rely on the newly introduced Anglo-European system of economy which marked the beginning of their decline (White 9).Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Historical relationship of the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos and How it is changing the environment. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to White, however, the Choctaws group, unlike other two native groups, did much better as the Choctaws group had a well organized and solid political foundation. That notwithstanding, the Choctaws community did in fact experience decline. The aspect of reliance amongst the Choctaws community is ensued in a couple of ways. To begin with, the hunting practices of this native group, as well as the invasion of the European into their land, led to a great decline in the herds of the white-tailed deer in the hunting grounds of Choctaws group. Consequently, there were few resources left in their land as a means of survival and with the increase in the population and the intrusion of the Europeans, they were left with no choice but depend on the Anglo- European economy. This decline came to an end with the emergence of intertribal conflicts that ensued. There was a great conflict between native gropes such as the Choctaws and Chickasaws made the lands unsafe for everybody inhabiting them and the land became unutilized. The lack of use of land in the Choctaws community was brought about by the hostilities among different groups provided a fertile ground for the repopulation of the white-tailed deer, thus there was a restoration of ecological balance in the environment (White 6). Nevertheless, the subsistence patterns of Choctaws group were culturally maintained and historically derived, but not determined by their ecological landscape, the advent of new cultures from the European intruders, the approval of a new economy, as well as the destruction of diseases opened up new possibilities for change in both social and ecological spheres. The Choctaws economic system play-off was the second cause for Choctaws to rely on the Anglo- European economic system. After the demarcation of borderland enclaves by the French and the Britons, the Choctaw community ventured into a thriving commercial transition having the advantage of influencing the economic dealing powers of both, the English and French. The problem with such dealings was however in the perception of commercial trade held by each of the parties. In the perspective of the Europeans, trade was a means through which a group or an individual could benefit. In the perspective of the Choctaws traders, on the other hand, trade was a form of reciprocity and not a means of getting group or personal advantages. White contends that the Europeans, particularly the English realized that their perception of trade was different from that of the native group and they made every effort to eliminate this perception (12).Advertising Looking for book review on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In an effort to eliminate this perception, they encouraged credit debt system in the Choctaw markets by way of liquor trade and taking advantage of the Choctaw markets that were inelastic by nature. Consequently, dependency ensued with decline of the Choctaw market system. White observes that similar processes were experienced by the Navajos and Pawnees tribes. He contend that the existence of European market forces is similar to those introduced in the Choctaw markets which make them succumb to dependency were also introduced among the Navajos and Pawnees tribes thus inculcating new social order (White 8). This social order galvanized a partnership ethic among the Europeans and the Pawnees. The hunting methods were affected by environmental forces such as the population of deer which lead to the adaption of horticultural practices which were compatible with the new requirements of ecological landscape. Pawnee leaders were given gifts of horses from the European community so that th ey can intensify the buffalo hunting. This was within the larger plan of the Europeans to stratify themselves within the economy of the natives. Ultimately, the intertribal conflicts, the depopulation of the buffalo herds, and disease played a key role in the dependency levels among the Pawnees (White 11). According to White, the decline of the Navajo tribe emanated from the restrictive irrigation methods, poor soils which led to agricultural loss, and reduction in the population of livestock. This community had an economic system that was sheep based economy, and by 1930, the community had an approximately one million heard of sheep. The sheep market system used the number of sheep as a measure of economic value. The wealthy in the community would sometimes redistribute their earnings to the poor in the community. Sheep among the Navajo community did not only represent a means of successful financial gains but sheep were also part of the family and an iconic aspect in the culture o f Navajo tribe. Furthermore, another cause for Navajo dependence emanated from poor irrigation methods used by the tribes which led to the existence of arid soils in their landscape. There was a great problem of soil erosion, ineffectiveness in the system of irrigation and overgrazing which led to the decline of Navajo. The irrigation practices of the natives conflicted with the irrigation strategies of the Americans which resulted into muddled water use causing floods in the farms thus lowering their yields. In an effort to meet their needs, most of the native farmers opted to work for the white farmers and abandoned their own farms. Further, Dinà © compliance reinforced the impact of the BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs) and also the control of the United States government by John Collier (White 14). Critical analysis Even though there have been a number of publications regarding the American Indian groups history as well as their decline, there are very few of these publications th at address this subject in a thorough anthropological approach as it is in the narrative by Richard White. Through the use of anthropological analysis in the narrative of the indigenous Americans, the author avoids treating the Anglo- Europeans as the control group and the three native groups as a subject. In light of the foregoing, White is able to treat both, the European American and the three native groups (Indians) as susceptible players, subject to folly, misunderstanding, as well as panic. Another peculiar aspect of the book roots of dependency is the exploration of the economic structure of the Choctaw, Pawnee, and Navajo tribes during the pre- industrial period. From the narrative, we are able to learn that trade among the three indigenous groups profiled by White was quite different from the conventional trade as it was not driven by scarcity and prices, but rather trade among them was driven by reciprocal obligation and honor. The different perceptions and misconception o f what trade really meant among the two groups is a clear indication of a deep analysis undertaken by Richard White in his narrative on the three native groups in America. The analysis done by White on Choctaw, Pawnee, and Navajo tribes, shows that the contact with the European American and the consequences that followed tent to heavily rely on an obvious concept of criminalizing the role played by the European players. As such, the narrative is quite insidious in the sense that it diminishes the value of a historical narrative for the purposes of social relations in the contemporary world. White is of the view that the two later groups, that are thePawnee and Navajo tribes, were different from the Choctaw tribe in the sense that their dependency was a result of lack of a sophisticated social, environmental, and political process similar to that experienced by the Choctaws. In light of the foregoing contention, Jan Lewis (1986) argues that even though the narratives of Pawnee and Na vajo are important in White’s work; there is a clear indication of the authors inclination towards the Choctaw story. The imbalance that is straightforward in his work could be an indication of an attempt by the writer to relate the aforementioned three native tribes under the dependency theory, even though every group is complex in its own individual way. There are other weaknesses manifested inRichard Whites work. The author has frequently employed racial labels such as the word white to symbolize Europeans. The authors classification of English traders as rapists, knaves, reprobates for all purpose, and murderers, is a clear indication of racial generalization. The author also fails to apposite economic agency to the Navajo, Pawnee, and Choctaw. It should be noted that trading among the native groups did exist long before the invasion of the European traders. A number of scholars contend that the acts of giving gifts amongst the indigenous groups are a clear indication tha t trading existed. The argument advanced by White opposing other scholars’ arguments on the usefulness of dependency theory is basically inspired by Immanuel Wallenstein’s work, particularly in his submissions on The Modern World System. According to George H. Phillips, the dependency theory is critical in explaining how states or individuals are integrated into the wider system of capitalist economy. Through the use of the anthropologic concept of assessing reciprocal effects of groups that are closely related, otherwise known as close controlled comparisons, White was able to analyze the experiences of Pawnee, Navajo and Choctaw tribes(7). It should however be noted that in his analysis, White only uses the micro analysis approach, thus failing to weigh up adoptions of other native tribes that were closely related to Pawnee, Navajo and Choctaw tribes (Phillips 5). One cannot deny the fact that the threat of force from the Europeans is basic to the histories of Pawnee , Navajo and Choctaw tribes, nevertheless, citing military as a cause for their decline would be misleading for a couple of reasons. To begin with, the changes experienced in the subsistence system of these native groups had began long before the arrival of the whites, and thus the establishment of their military was not the cause of the change per se. In this respect, it is worth noting that the Navajo community was for a century the scourge of both, the Mexicans and Spanish in the south west. The Pawnees community, on the other hand, intimidated and sometimes destroyed any form of expedition hurled by Mexico against them. They were also resistant to the threats from America for a considerable period. The Choctaw community in the eighteenth century was by far too powerful for English and French. It goes without saying that according to White; military inferiority among the three tribes was not the main cause of their decline and eventual dependency, as this aspect was evolved littl e by little over a period of time. The analysis of these three native groups by Richard White brings out the fact that not all attempts by the Europeans were consistent or successful to bring the indigenous labor, land and resources into the market. It follows therefore, that this unifying factor ties together the histories of the Pawnee, Navajo and Choctaw tribes and also, within these histories, these groups were tied to the social and environmental changes of every individual group. This contention negates both, crude materialism and economic determinism. Among the three native groups, market relations were destructive and threatening development, this brought about resistance to such development within these groups, the resistance was short lived (Driben 6). According to White, the economics of the Pawnee, Navajo and Choctaw tribes were basically controlled by culture. In an effort to appreciate change in these native groups, it would be prudent to assess the common influences o f environment, politics, economics and culture. The result of these changes among Pawnee, Navajo and Choctaw tribes was indeed dependency. The concept of dependency theory advanced by Richard White in his analysis of the three native groups is a borrowed idea from Immanuel Wallenstein’s work; particularly in his submissions on The Modern World System. The dependency theory is very crucial in explaining how stats or even individuals are integrated into the wider system of capitalist economy (Carlson 4). Dependency therefore denotes a situation in which the economic system of a particular group is influenced by the expansion and development of another economy. This may only happen in instances where the former is subject to the latter influences due to some forces. The decline of the subsistence system of Pawnee, Navajo and Choctaw tribes as well as their amalgamation into the Anglo- European market system resulted into an increased dependency of these three native groups on th e capitalist system, intense social and political changes within their social structure, and also the lack of economic option. Notwithstanding the fact that these historic events are quite extreme, Whites analysis depicts these results as a clear indication of the function of dependency theory. Initially, the Pawnee, Navajo and Choctaw tribes were able to house, feed, and cloth themselves without any kind of assistance, nevertheless, the three groups little by little resorted to the Europeans for food security, as well as clothing (Driben 7). During the initial stages, the natives obtained manufactured items and cloths from the Europeans through various exchanges such as military services, goods, land or even labor. At this stage however, the terms and conditions of such exchange were within the control of the native groups. As time went on, the terms and conditions of these exchanges were determined by the Europeans, and the natives were left with no choice but to comply with such conditions. Ultimately, the European invaders dictated what was expected to be exchanged, the way in which such exchange must have been done, what the natives were supposed to be given, and even how they were supposed to use what they received. The concept of dependency theory as advanced by White is clearly brought out in the sense that the aforementioned events rendered the three native groups absolutely superfluously, so to speak. They no longer had control over their own resources and they entirely relied on the Anglo- Europeans. This also threatened loss of their identity. Conclusion The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos by Richard White is a indeed a groundbreaking interdisciplinary assessment of the European contact with the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos cultures and its disastrous consequences on the indigenous Americans. Richard White focuses on the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos tribes and makes an at tempt to isolate and identify different factors that played a significant role in the material collapse of the three native groups. The book is widely acclaimed for the new approach to the history of indigenous Americans, as well as the well built thesis. The methodology used by Richard White in his book The Roots of Dependency, is quite different compared to other traditional historians. This is particularly notable in the use of interdisciplinary method which joins together findings from ecology, history, and anthropology in his investigation, and also includes the perspective of the indigenous Americans into his work. In his narrative, the author begins by assessing the Choctaw community from Mississippi during the period between the 16th century and 18th century. The author gives a chronology of how the Choctaw community initially adapted to the influences of the Anglo- Europeans, which ultimately resulted into a catastrophe. During this period, as the forces of Anglo- European economic system made their way into the economic system of the Choctaw community, they were forced by circumstances to overhunt which lead to drastic depopulation of the deer herds and their eventual extinction. This also led to the destruction of their environment, economy and their resources, all these led to the decline of Choctaw tribe and the eventual dependency (Driben 32). In The Roots of Dependency, White further contends that alcohol was also another factor that played a significant role in the decline of the Choctaw community. He claims that in order to appreciate the predicaments experienced by the Choctaw community, one has to consider the critical role played by the market economy of the Europeans. The author assert that the Choctaw community was enticed into the Anglo – European market system by liquor and from then henceforth the exchanges of goods and services were determined by the Europeans. As such, this native group was left susceptible and hungry. Their r esistance did not help them much and eventually, the Choctaw community became greatly dependent on the Europeans for food and cloth supply. The author in his narrative is of the view that the Navajos and Pawnees tribes went through the same processes as the Choctaw community. He narrated that the existence of European market forces was similar to those introduced in the Choctaw markets, making them vulnerable to the whims of the Europeans. These forces were also introduced among the Navajos and Pawnees tribes thus inculcating a new social order. The decline of the Navajo tribe emanated from the restrictive irrigation methods, poor soils which led to agricultural loss, and reduction in the population of livestock. This community had an economic system that was sheep based, the community had an approximately one million heard of sheep by 1930. The sheep market system used the number of sheep as a measure of economic value. Sometimes, the wealthy in the community would redistribute the ir earnings to the poor. Sheep among the Navajo community did not only represent a means of successful financial gains but also they were part of the family and an iconic aspect in the Navajo culture. Poor irrigation methods used by the Navajo tribe and the existence of arid soils in their landscape are also cited by the author as another cause for Navajos dependency. There was a great problem of soil erosion, ineffectiveness in the system of irrigation and overgrazing which led to the decline of Navajo. The irrigation practices of the natives conflicted with the irrigation strategies of the Americans which resulted into muddled water use causing floods in the farms, thus lowering their yields. In an effort to meet their needs, most of the native farmers opted to work for the European farmers and abandoned their own farms. Further, Dinà © compliance reinforced the impact of John Collier control of the United States government and also the emergence of BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs) . The social order introduced by the Europeans galvanizes a partnership ethic among the Europeans and the Pawnees. The Pawnee community embarked on massive hunting which drastically reduced the population of the deer. These hunting methods were affected by environmental forces, such as the population of deer which led to the adaption of horticultural practices which were compatible with the new requirements of ecological landscape. White, in his narrative, content that the leaders of the Pawnee community were given horses by the Europeans for the purpose of intensifying their hunt for buffalos. This move by the Europeans was within the larger plan of the Europeans to stratify themselves within the economy of the natives. Ultimately, the intertribal conflicts, the depopulation of the buffalo herds, and disease played a significant role in solidifying the Pawnees levels of dependency on the Europeans. Richard White borrows the concept of dependency theory from Immanuel Wallenstein. Th is dependency theory is espoused by Wallenstein in his renowned book The Modern World System. The concept of dependency is used to depict a situation in which the economic system of a particular group is influenced by the expansion and development of another economy. This may only happen in instances where the former is subject to the latter influences due to some forces. The dependency theory is very crucial in explaining how states or even individuals are integrated into the wider system of capitalist economy. Finally, In the Roots of Dependency, there are several aspects used by the narrator that fuel criticisms. To begging with, White, the narrator, has frequently employed racial labels such as the word white to symbolize European. Secondly, the author in his narrative makes an attempt to pigeonhole English traders as rapists, murderers, knaves, and reprobates for all purpose; this is an outright generalization of a particular race as discussed above (Carlson 43). Carlson, Leon ard. â€Å"Economic History†. The Journal of Economic History 44.3 (1984): 887-889. Print. Driben, Paul. â€Å"The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and the Navajos.† American Ethnologist 12. 2 (1985): 396 – 397. onlinelibrary.wiley.com. Web. Lewis, Jan. â€Å"Southern History.† The Journal of Southern History 52. 3 (1986): 446-447. Print. Phillips, George H. â€Å"Richard White. The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos†. The Journal of American History 71. 2 (1984): 370. Print. White, Richard. The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1983. Print.

Battle of Island Number 10 in the Civil War

Battle of Island Number 10 in the Civil War Battle of Island Number 10 - Conflict Dates: The Battle of Island Number 10 was fought February 28 to April 8, 1862, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders Union Brigadier General John PopeFlag Officer Andrew Foote6 gunboats, 11 mortar raftsapprox. 20,000 men Confederates Brigadier General John P. McCownBrigadier General William Mackallapprox. 7,000 men Battle of Island Number 10 - Background: With the beginning of the Civil War, Confederate forces began making efforts to fortify key points along the Mississippi River to prevent Union attacks south. One area that received attention was the New Madrid Bend (near New Madrid, MO) which featured two 180-degree turns in the river. Located at the base of the first turn when steaming south, Island Number Ten dominated the river and any vessels attempting to pass would fall under its guns for protracted period. Work commenced on fortifications on the island and adjacent land in August 1861 under the direction of Captain Asa Gray. The first to be completed was Battery No. 1 on the Tennessee shoreline. Also known as the Redan Battery, it had a clear field of fire upstream but its position on low ground made it subject to frequent flooding. Work at Island Number Ten slowed in the fall of 1861 as resources and focus shifted north to the fortifications under construction at Columbus, KY. In early 1862, Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant captured Forts Henry and Donelson on the nearby Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers. As Union troops pressed towards Nashville, the Confederate forces at Columbus came under threat of being isolated. To prevent their loss, General P.G.T. Beauregard ordered them to withdraw south to Island Number Ten. Arriving in late February, these forces began work to strengthen the areas defenses under the guidance of Brigadier General John P. McCown. Battle of Island Number Ten - Building the Defenses: Seeking to better secure the area, McCown commenced work on fortifications from the northern approaches to the first bend, past the island and New Madrid, and down to Point Pleasant, MO. Within a matter of weeks, McCowns men built five batteries on the Tennessee shore as well as five additional batteries on the island itself. Mounting a combined 43 guns, these positions were further supported by the 9-gun floating battery New Orleans which occupied a position at the western end of the island. At New Madrid, Fort Thompson (14 guns) rose west of the town while Fort Bankhead (7 guns) was built to the east overlooking the mouth of a nearby bayou. Aiding in the Confederate defense were six gunboats overseen by Flag Officer George N. Hollins (Map). Battle of Island Number Ten - Pope Approaches: As McCowns men worked to improve the defenses at the bends, Brigadier General John Pope moved to assemble his Army of the Mississippi at Commerce, MO. Directed to strike at Island Number Ten by Major General Henry W. Halleck, he moved out in late February and arrived near New Madrid on March 3. Lacking the heavy guns to assault the Confederate forts, Pope instead directed Colonel Joseph P. Plummer to occupy Point Pleasant to the south. Though forced to endure shelling from Hollins gunboats, Union troops secured and held the town. On March 12, heavy artillery arrived in Popes camp. Emplacing guns at Point Pleasant, Union forces drove off the Confederate vessels and closed the river to enemy traffic. The following day, Pope began shelling the Confederate positions around New Madrid. Not believing that the town could be held, McCown abandoned it on the night of March 13-14. While some troops moved south to Fort Pillow, the majority joined the defenders on Island Number Ten. Battle of Island Number Ten - The Siege Begins: Despite this failure, McCown received a promotion to major general and departed. Command at Island Number Ten then passed to Brigadier General William W. Mackall. Though Pope had taken New Madrid with ease, the island presented a more difficult challenge. The Confederate batteries on the Tennessee shore were flanked by impassable swamps to the east while the only land approach to the island was along a single road which ran south to Tiptonville, TN. The town itself was sited on a narrow spit of land between the river and Reelfoot Lake. To support operations against Island Number Ten, Pope received Flag Officer Andrew H. Footes Western Gunboat Flotilla as well as a number of mortar rafts. This force arrived above the New Madrid Bend on March 15. Unable to directly assault Island Number Ten, Pope and Foote debated how to reduce its defenses. While Pope desired Foote to run his gunboats past the batteries to cover a landing downstream, Foote had concerns about losing some of his vessels and preferred to commence a bombardment with his mortars. Deferring to Foote, Pope agreed to a bombardment and for the next two weeks the island came under a steady rain of mortar shells. As this action ensued, Union forces cut a shallow canal across the neck of the first bend which allowed transport and supply vessels to reach New Madrid while avoiding the Confederate batteries. With the bombardment proving ineffective, Pope again began to agitate for running some of the gunboats past Island Number Ten. While an initial council of war on March 20 saw Footes captains refuse this approach, a second nine days later resulted in Commander Henry Walke of USS Carondelet (14 guns) agreeing to attempt a passage. Battle of Island Number Ten - The Tide Turns: While Walke waited for a night with good conditions, Union troops led by Colonel George W. Roberts raided Battery No. 1 on the evening of April 1 and spiked its guns. The following night, the Footes flotilla focused its attention on New Orleans and succeeded in cutting the floating batterys mooring lines leading it to drift away downstream. On April 4, conditions proved correct and Carondelet began creeping past Island Number Ten with a coal barge lashed to its side for added protection. Pushing downstream, the Union ironclad was discovered but successfully ran through the Confederate batteries. Two nights later USS Pittsburg (14) made the voyage and joined Carondelet. With the two ironclads to protect his transports, Pope began plotting a landing on the east bank of the river. On April 7, Carondelet and Pittsburg eliminated the Confederate batteries at Watsons Landing clearing the way for Popes army to cross. As Union troops commenced landing, Mackall assessed his situation. Unable to see a way to hold Island Number Ten, he directed his troops to begin moving towards Tiptonville but left a small force on the island. Alerted to this, Pope raced to cut off the Confederates sole line of retreat. Slowed by fire from the Union gunboats, Mackalls men failed to reach Tiptonville before the enemy. Trapped by Popes superior force, he had no choice but to surrender his command on April 8. Pressing forward, Foote received the surrender of those still on Island Number Ten. Battle of Island Number Ten - Aftermath: In the fighting for Island Number Ten, Pope and Foote lost 23 killed, 50 wounded, and 5 missing while Confederate losses numbered around 30 killed and wounded as well as approximately 4,500 captured. The loss of Island Number Ten cleared the Mississippi River to further Union advances and later in the month Flag Officer David G. Farragut opened its southern terminus by capturing New Orleans. Though a key victory, the fighting for Island Number Ten was generally overlooked by the general public as the Battle of Shiloh was fought April 6-7. Selected Sources History of War: Battle of Island Number 10CWSAC Battle Summary: Battle of Island Number 10New Madrid: Battle of Island Number 10

An Analysis of Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences Essay Example for Free

An Analysis of Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences Essay The purpose of this paper is to explore Howard Gardner’s theory on multiple intelligences. I will focus on spatial and bodily-kinesthetic intelligences and how linguistic intelligence has an underlying effect on the other intelligences. Spatial and bodily-kinesthetic intelligences would seem to be very distant from linguistic intelligence, however I believe that they are more similar then one might expect. Spatial intelligence can be loosely defined as the ability to manipulate and recreated the physical work in ones mind. Artists often use this intelligence as they take an actual object and are able to manipulate it onto a canvas or piece of paper. Many IQ tests have a section that tests the ability of a person in their use of block design. Students who excel in spatial intelligence have the ability to recreate within their mind the things that they see visually. Gardner states, â€Å"The left hemisphere of the brain has, over the course of evolution, been selected as the pre-eminent site for linguistic processing, the right hemisphere of the brain, and in particular the posterior portions of the right hemisphere, proves to be the site most crucial for special processing† (Gardner, p. 181). Gardner is trying to show how separate in the brain spatial and linguistic intelligence really are. By isolating the intelligences, Gardner focuses on the idea of savants and brain damage to prove his theory that the intelligences are totally separate. Eliminating part of the brain would still allow for someone to be successful and intelligent at spatial abilities. His idea is that even if a person lost their ability to speak or the ability to use their hands, that their other intelligences could possibly still work at a high level. I agree with his theory, however I think the intelligences overlap more then he may believe. Linguistic intelligence seems to have a basis in spatial intelligence also. Many students might do just fine being able to read a word problem and then form the design in their head. Gardner gives an example, â€Å"Take a square piece of paper, fold it in one half, then fold it twice again in half. How many squares exist after this final fold? † (Gardner, p. 171). This idea shows how linguistic intelligence can be used when dealing with a student who has a greater spatial intelligence. Even without the student physically being able to fold the piece of paper they could still solve the problem due to their linguistic intelligence. Gardner shows this idea as he talks about people having distinct separate intelligences, but that each intelligence has the ability to overlap with another. I also decided to talk about his theory of bodily-kinesthetic intelligence because I feel this intelligence goes together well with spatial intelligence. Both of these intelligences are educated best by going away from the traditional teaching methods of reading and writing. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is the ability for a person to use their body to solve a problem. This can be seen in many athletes and other people who are very active. Some people are born with a higher bodily-kinesthetic intelligence then others. Tests on reaction time have shown that some people are born with almost superhuman reaction time ability. This reaction time allows them to hit a baseball with such success that cannot be taught. Parts of this intelligence can be learned by studying similar to some of the more the academic intelligences, however bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is not viewed as an academic intelligence. Wayne Gretzky said, â€Å"Nine out of ten people think what I do is instinct†¦. It isn’t. Nobody would ever say a doctor had learned had profession by instinct: yet in my own way I’ve spent almost as much time studying hockey as a med student puts in studying medicine† (Gardner, p. 231). Both a hockey player and a surgeon rely on their body to perform at a high level. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is just not brute force but the ability to read what is happening, and then adapt. In football, a player will tackle another player, although before that happens the tackling player must read the play to get a path take on the ball carrier. A surgeon can have perfect skills in using their hands to operate but they also need the ability to learn the correct procedures. These ideas show that a person can be above average in more then one intelligence and that is in fact fairly common. The traditional way of teaching is through reading and writing that puts an emphasis on linguistic intelligence. Gardner’s theory is to separate the intelligences by showing that even a person who loses the ability to use part of their brain will still be able to function at a high level at some other intelligences. Gardner points out that he believes the intelligences are separate, but that they rarely operate separately and more often then not there are several intelligences working together. This is how linguistic intelligence is so important to the overall learning of a student. Most tests such as IQ tests put an emphasis on how well a person does on verbal section of the test. Gardner said, â€Å"I have already noted that many retarded children display a surprising ability to master language†¦ Even more striking are those rare children who, despite retardation or autism, prove able to read at an astonishingly early age† (Gardner, p. 84-85). This is apparent when talking about a surgeon who loses the ability to use their hands and so they cannot operate on patients anymore. They may not have the ability to physically do the operation anymore but they can still instruct someone else to do the surgery. This surgeon has lost their ability to use their hands but their brain is still intact so they can use their linguistic intelligence to instruct another person to perform the operation. Gardner does not think linguistic intelligence is more important than any of the other intelligences, but I believe that linguistic intelligence sets the basis for the other intelligences. Without this intelligence the student will not be able to understand what that teacher is trying to convey in class. Language is important for the student to get through school, however a student could get though school without fully realizing their full spatial intelligence. Linguistic intelligence allows a student to gain the ability to study the concepts and then apply them to the other intelligences such as bodily-kinesthetic intelligence. One cannot expect someone to just learn all the intricate details of boxing and then to go into the ring and win a title. This can only happen with some intelligence that is born within the person. Intelligences are within everyone but it is hard for a person to know exactly what intelligence they posses the strongest. Howard Gardner’s idea of multiple intelligences stems from his belief that each person has different intelligences that they posses. These intelligences are inherently separate due to the fact that because of brain damage, a person can lose an intelligence while still being able to perform at a high level on other intelligences. Gardner does not believe that linguistic intelligence is more important then the others, however in our society we put such a great emphasis on linguistic intelligence. A student can fall behind in their linguistic development and due to our societies testing and basis in teaching the student might not attain high grades. This does not mean the student is not smart, it just means that they might excel at a different type of intelligence. Overall, Gardner explains how each person has many different forms of intelligence that they could be above average in. An Analysis of Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences. (2017, Jan 05).

Marcia.ehret_inspiration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marcia.ehret_inspiration - Essay Example However, we can set parameters and working definitions, but the importance and impact of these biblical inspirations will only be manifested depending upon the individual’s personal belief. To the atheist/ agnostics, no matter how defined the subject matter of biblical inspiration is, it will be impossible to come to point where he levels off and agrees with a believer. A believer, on the other hand, will perpetually argue on the grounds of established facts such as Jesus being able to acknowledge and refer to specific scriptures in his teachings, in the way he prepared his apostles to document his existence and the various lessons he taught, in the way all these survived despite dramatic efforts to destroy it, and the way how the teachings, virtues, lessons are true and applicable regardless of era or period. This religious relativity is difficult to compromise especially that the trend nowadays focuses on two extremes: religious pluralism at one end and denomination-centered belief on the other end. In a gist, the bible is a worthy and credible source of God’s word since its contents were written and recorded by people who embodied the authorized representative of god to deliver a specific message.

Nature Replaced by Electronics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nature Replaced by Electronics - Research Paper Example In the initial stages of life prior to incorporation of electricity, location was a big determinant when deciding on where to put up a home. Access to water points, preferably springs meant having milk that was cold, a cool watermelon in the summertime, and plenty of water to drink. A spring box could be constructed wherever a spring that is cool was located. Water would then run into it and be deep adequately to cover milk containers, butter, etc. All this was before the invention of electricity. Without the assistance of electronic devices, humankind would be at a distinct shortcoming. This report examines the state of the contemporary world, as had been impacted on by electronics while also assessing how the state of affairs used to be when nature was without electricity. It points out the significance electronics have on humankind’s lifestyle. This paper illustrates how electronics have greatly taken over the lives of humankind, doing away with the natural methods. Constru ctions of houses were done mostly in the valley, lower instead of hilltops for reasons such as cooling and heating. Air conditioners nor fans were neither available to provide the perfect breeze on a hot summertime period. Valleys provided the much required reprieve from the winter winds that were strong. Comparison to where homes are constructed presently, the forefathers would think this generation to have totally lost their seeing where homes are built currently. Bearing in mind there were no movie theaters, compact disk (CD) players, televisions, or computers in the ancient timeline, it is difficult to imagine whatever the generation then did for entertainment (General pg1). In the contemporary world, entertainment has gone to another great level. Influenced by the ever changing technology, entertainment has been defined by some major development. Such developments as higher definition (HD), 3D, etc. are some of the recent trends in the entertainment world. The electronic device s have been greatly incorporated in the humankind’s way of life. Sources of news and weather in the ancient era were not available, except may be for visiting neighbors who could deliver may be any information they could be having. The current generation has been gifted by the numerous electronic devices that have greatly made the relaying of information rather easy. Regardless of the distance and geographical locations, currently news and any other information transcends any borders, courtesy of these electronic devices. It would definitely be impossible typing this document if the electronic device on use currently for this work, were not available. Approximately each device in use in the day to day operations, have in them circuit boards and miniature transistors. Increasingly, supplementary equipment and devices possess some of the similar characteristics and capabilities. Laptops possess the similar general forms of memory as may be found in devices held by the hand such as PDAs and cell phones (Geier pg46). Most forms of equipment need memory to optimize their working. Focusing on the food preservation, in the former days, it was not easy undertaking this task. Such means as hanging food in the smokehouse for curing of such meals as meat, those methods have been overtaken by refrigerators. It is now easy in the contemporary world to preserve food for longer periods without it going bad. Generally electronics are tied into several different characteristics of humankind’

Environmental Scan Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Environmental Scan Paper - Essay Example This research centres on the environmental scan of the internal and external environments of two real-world organizations, their competitive edges and firm strategies for developing value and sustaining competitiveness. Scanning of the environment particularly the internal organizational environment mainly looks at culture of the firm, the relations between employees, management and the shareholders. Moreover, it will also focus on the organizational structure, access to natural resources and product awareness. On the other hand, scanning of the external organizational environment dwells on the industry analysis, national and macro-environment. Industry environmental analysis evaluates the level of competition of the company and that of its rivals. The national environment examines the effect of the national framework for enabling an organization accomplishes competitive edge on the international scale. The macro-environment reveals the social, legal, political, economic and political effects on the functioning of an organization. Apple Inc. is a global organization with deals with computer software, consumer electronics and communication servers (Kang, 2013). The primary apple products include iPad, iPod, iPhone, and Macintosh computer. The company was officially registered by its original founders in 1977 in California and has been operating since its incorporation. Apple employs environmental scan to evaluate its business. The firm has been effective in the technology industry in which it operates. The success of this company is mainly attributed to its revolutionary ideas and capability to bring ideas to reality, revealing a sound business strategy. Internal environment The internal environment of Apple is characterized by dynamism, creativity, and flexibility. The organization internal environment has been built such that it promotes its workforce to participate in branding of the company image (Kang, 2013). Apple appreciates its employees for

Tourism education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tourism education - Essay Example Later on when tourism was introduced, the course also followed a similar vocational direction as hotel management. The path adopted by hotel management and tourism courses was influenced by early literature (textbooks), which determined the scope of the curriculum for over ten years. As Airey (2004) argues, the vocational path adopted by tourism is evident in the initial undergraduate degree programmes curricula, which were designed in mid 1980s as presented in figure 1. Further, the nature of the path that the courses took relied on the objectives of 1990s programmes.Phrase 4Despite a simple presentation of tourism course development, ancient scholars acknowledged that there were certain issues associated with tourism that fell outside the circumference of the tourism industry’s normal practices and operation. As time elapsed, many scholars grew interest and delved research aimed at finding the issues, which are related to tourism, but fall outside the industry. As shown in f igure 3, this sheer interest of scholars is evident in tourism benchmark statement of 2000 (QAA, 2000). Tourism education goes beyond vocational perspective. According to Barnett (1990), tourism education has its large component focusing on them to utilise the ideas that they learn from their core courses. Stuart-Hoyle (2003) further argues that these non-vocational components of tourism education give students the chance to engage their critical thinking. To this extent, there appears to be some level of uncertainty.

Psychological Effects of Being A Police Officer Research Paper

Psychological Effects of Being A Police Officer - Research Paper Example For one to be a police officer, he has to go through thorough training to prepare him for the job at hand. Law enforcement is a career field in which one must not only be physically strong but also mentally because the psychological effects can have the ability to damage one’s mental well being, personal life, and career performance. Below is an overview of the effects of police work on their mental, personal and career lives. Police officers are exposed to episodes of violence, deception and victimization throughout most of their careers. The impact of having to deal with these issues can weigh very heavily on their mental well being (Villiers 25). Policemen as human and although they may have undergone training to enable them to deal with stressors that accompany their work, they can sometimes succumb to the pressure. Some of the events that may have detrimental effects to the mental well being o a police officer include witnessing the death of a colleague or being involved in a shootout (Paton 85). These incidences may be traumatic for the officer and they may affect his mental abilities and concentration at work and at home. In some cases police officers may have suicidal tendencies. This is the extreme mental effects that the work of policing can have on an officer. Due to the stress caused by certain experiences while on the job, some policemen have tried and others succeeded in committing suicide (90). These suicidal tendencies are caused by the officers not being able to reconcile with a situation that they found themselves in. in this case, the brain cannot fully deal with a certain situation and the resulting stress becomes too much for the officer who decides that he would rather end his life than continue being faced by the same problem everyday (Villiers 32). Police officers, like everyone else in the society have their own private lives. Many of them have families that they care about. One of the requirements

Environmental Scan Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Environmental Scan Paper - Essay Example This research centres on the environmental scan of the internal and external environments of two real-world organizations, their competitive edges and firm strategies for developing value and sustaining competitiveness. Scanning of the environment particularly the internal organizational environment mainly looks at culture of the firm, the relations between employees, management and the shareholders. Moreover, it will also focus on the organizational structure, access to natural resources and product awareness. On the other hand, scanning of the external organizational environment dwells on the industry analysis, national and macro-environment. Industry environmental analysis evaluates the level of competition of the company and that of its rivals. The national environment examines the effect of the national framework for enabling an organization accomplishes competitive edge on the international scale. The macro-environment reveals the social, legal, political, economic and political effects on the functioning of an organization. Apple Inc. is a global organization with deals with computer software, consumer electronics and communication servers (Kang, 2013). The primary apple products include iPad, iPod, iPhone, and Macintosh computer. The company was officially registered by its original founders in 1977 in California and has been operating since its incorporation. Apple employs environmental scan to evaluate its business. The firm has been effective in the technology industry in which it operates. The success of this company is mainly attributed to its revolutionary ideas and capability to bring ideas to reality, revealing a sound business strategy. Internal environment The internal environment of Apple is characterized by dynamism, creativity, and flexibility. The organization internal environment has been built such that it promotes its workforce to participate in branding of the company image (Kang, 2013). Apple appreciates its employees for

Psychological Effects of Being A Police Officer Research Paper

Psychological Effects of Being A Police Officer - Research Paper Example For one to be a police officer, he has to go through thorough training to prepare him for the job at hand. Law enforcement is a career field in which one must not only be physically strong but also mentally because the psychological effects can have the ability to damage one’s mental well being, personal life, and career performance. Below is an overview of the effects of police work on their mental, personal and career lives. Police officers are exposed to episodes of violence, deception and victimization throughout most of their careers. The impact of having to deal with these issues can weigh very heavily on their mental well being (Villiers 25). Policemen as human and although they may have undergone training to enable them to deal with stressors that accompany their work, they can sometimes succumb to the pressure. Some of the events that may have detrimental effects to the mental well being o a police officer include witnessing the death of a colleague or being involved in a shootout (Paton 85). These incidences may be traumatic for the officer and they may affect his mental abilities and concentration at work and at home. In some cases police officers may have suicidal tendencies. This is the extreme mental effects that the work of policing can have on an officer. Due to the stress caused by certain experiences while on the job, some policemen have tried and others succeeded in committing suicide (90). These suicidal tendencies are caused by the officers not being able to reconcile with a situation that they found themselves in. in this case, the brain cannot fully deal with a certain situation and the resulting stress becomes too much for the officer who decides that he would rather end his life than continue being faced by the same problem everyday (Villiers 32). Police officers, like everyone else in the society have their own private lives. Many of them have families that they care about. One of the requirements

George Washington Essay Example for Free

George Washington Essay It has often been said that the entire ordeal leading up the American Revolution occurred as a direct result of two sides not having a common understanding. In fact, this simple interpretation of the more complicated problem might not completely explain everything that happened leading up to and during the Revolutionary War, but it can be used as an explanation for the rift in thinking that ultimately kept the two sides apart on a theoretical level. The British, for the most part, misunderstood what the colonists were looking for in their striving for freedom. The colonists, on the other hand, held a fighting spirit that could not easily be understood by people who were not there to experience it on a day-to-day basis. Two prominent thinkers from either side, George Washington and Edmund Burke, laid out their opinions on the matter in easy to understand terms. Their writings represent an interesting dichotomy. Burke, for the most part, understood what was going on in the colonies. Washington took an approach of broad support for his countrymen, which was representative of the patriotic spirit that permeated the time. Though Washington could never be accused of being a person that liked to get his hands too muddy in the political arena, he did have a pretty firm grasp on the overall feeling of the American people at that time. When he writes to George William Fairfax and Bryan Fairfax in a series of 1774 letters, Washington makes it very clear that he believes the country is ready to stand as one in the face of British opposition. Washington was a calculated man and one that was certainly not quick to jump to any conclusions without first investigating the other options. In his letter to Bryan Fairfax, Washington gives a clear indication of this and further makes indication that he believes all of his options to be expended. When he writes, â€Å"Shall we, after this, whine and cry for relief, when we have already tried it in vain,† Washington clearly indicates that perhaps, making requests of the British government is not enough anymore. To George Washington, Boston was only the breaking point in a conflict that had been long overdue. The plight of Boston was the plight of American and the conflict had arrived because, simply put, they had no other choice but to put up a fight. Though Washington was quick to lend his support to the folks in Boston, he was not fully supportive of their means. Though he agreed that perhaps what they did was necessary, he did not completely approve of how they went about things. As mentioned before, Washington was a calculated individual in every way. He hoped for people to take all options into account before making rash decisions. When the people of Boston opted to toss pounds and pounds of tea into the harbor, they were not making the most responsible decision, but they were making a statement. Washington could respect that statement and the stand that they had the guts to take, even if he did not undyingly support their actions. Washington wrote, â€Å"The conduct of the Boston people could not justify the rigor of their measures. † Still, he goes on to qualify that statement later in his letter. He indicates that sometimes, measures such as those are necessary when people will not take others seriously or respect their requests. To Washington, the main point was that a stand had to be taken somewhere, so he wasn’t angry that the people of Boston made that statement. In fact, he was happy with the idea of having a rallying point around which the colonists could congregate. From the British side of things, Edmund Burke took a slightly more contradictory approach with his thinking. He was a well respected British political mind. During that time, most well respected British minds wanted to use force and not concede anything to the colonists. Those people did not understand what motivated the colonists and certainly did not understand the passion with which colonists wanted to rid themselves of foul treatment. In short, most British political people, who were all of the way across the Atlantic Ocean, had no idea how bad they American colonists wanted it. Burke got it, however. He knew exactly what the colonists wanted and he understood how to motivate them. Edmund Burke’s primary assertion was that the British government was going about things all wrong. Like Washington, Burke was a very influential and deep thinker. He did not like to act without first thinking through all of the different scenarios that might take place. With that in mind, Burke wanted the British government to work with the American colonists, as opposed to working against them as they had been set on doing. He thought it was a good idea to promote reconciliation between the two sides because, in his mind, that was the only way to shut down the fighting spirit of the American colonists. When the British government pushed the Americans into a corner, they banded together and they came out fighting. This is evidenced by Washington’s comments about the Boston Tea Party. Burke also wanted to push for reconciliation because he understood the fact that Great Britain had to have some sort of working relationship with the colonies in the future. They could not make everyone in the colonies mad. In his speech to Parliament on March 22, 1775, Edmund Burke says, â€Å"Because after all our struggle, whether we will or not, we must govern America. † That was Burke’s primary point throughout the entirety of this speech. Win, lose, or draw, the British government had to keep the relationship with the colonies on good footing, or else there would eventually be a conflict to face. In addition to plenty of other things, Burke understood the nature of the American people. He also understood that the British government did not understand the nature of the American colonists. He knew that Great Britain had to keep that in mind if they wanted to be successful in making the American colonies listen to their rules. A fighting spirit was engrained in the American people and that was something that would not go away. In that same speech to the British Parliament, Burke let his partners in the room know that the American colonists were a fighting bunch. â€Å"In this character of the Americans, a love of Freedom is the predominating feature which marks and distinguishes the whole. † If the British government could not understand that, then according to Burke, they had no chance of exacting any change among the colonists themselves. This basic rift in understanding is the one factor that, according to Edmund Burke, would keep the British government from creating any change. Washing and Burke were on different sides, but they were very similar men. They both understood people and they understood what it took to motivate people. While Washington was a unifying voice in America, Burke served as a voice of reason in Great Britain. Their specific messages were different, but they were equally important to their respective nations.

ToyTime Company Management Principles

ToyTime Company Management Principles Yuhong Dai Abstract This report shows the some management problems in the ToyTime company. I will using SWOT model analyze the problem (Question 2) and I will talk about management tools: KPI and SMART principleto solving the problem in the future. (Question 3). I will also mention some of my own opinions in the end. Introduction The company in accordance with the situation in previous years want to launch new toys. However, in the process is not very smooth.They expect sales to increase by 10% this year,but because the marketing manager Jacob Marks lack of communication with the production manager McConklin so because the raw material is not enough to lead,the ToyTime company can not supply new toys on time. Body of work QUESTION 1: What management problems are apparent in the ToyTime Company? Why have these problems occurred? Are the reasons related more to planning issues or to organizing issues in the company? -First of all, the biggest management problem is that the production of new toys can not satisfy market demand,I think it is because the marketing department and the product department did not achieve a common goal .Because of the introduction of new toys and the most positive response in the last five years,so the marketing department have projected that sales will be 10% higher this year than last.However, the product department just planning to raise inventory ,they do not have more communication with the marketing department.So that the raw materials not enough and new toys production can not meet the market demand.In my opinion,ToyTime Company tend to be management planning issue rather than other functions issue. Question 2: What is likely to happen to the company this year and in future years if the problem is not resolved quickly? -In this question ,we can use the SWOT model analyzing the problem in ToyTime company .S-strengths,W-weaknesses,O-opportunities,T-threats.I will use these four ways to analyze: Strengths: 1-Innovation. 2-Popular products. 3-Popular brand. 4-More clients. Weaknesses: 1-The goal is inconsistent. 2-The supplier is single. 3-All departments lack communication Opportunities 1-New toys development. 2-Demand is big. Threats: 1-Competitor. 2-Change in customer demand. According to analysis,we can see these main issues;the supplier is single,lack communication,there maybe competitors in the future .if the company not resolved quickly,then the companys economy will fall and they will lose potential clients.This would have a serious impact on the company. Question 3: Using the management tools discussed in your course, give examples of how each could be used to help solve the companys problems. -I will using Key Performance Indicator (KPI) to help solve the companys problems. Key Performance Indicator (KPI) is a measurable value that demonstrates how effectively a company is achieving key business objectives. First of all, assign tasks in different departments and determine the performance indicators of the employee inside the department. This can strengthen employees motivation. For example, if the ToyTime company uses KPI as a management tool, firstly we suppose one goal: overall profit growth is 10%.So each department manager has to achieve a consistent goal .Marketing manager set the goal for sales growth of 10%.At the same time ,production managers are targeting a 10%increase in production.Various departments work in accordance with the unified strategic goal to help goals to achieve.And they can uses the SMART principle :S-specific means the goal must be specific.M-measurable means the goal must be measured.A-attainable means the goal must be achieved.R-relevant means the goal has to be related to other goals.T-time-based means the goal must have a clear deadline.As we know,whether it is set up by a group or a persons personal work goals they can choose the SMART principle Question 4:What would you recommend right now that can help resolve the problems being faced by ToyTime? What should it do to avoid the same type of problem in the future? I will recommend two ways :one for short-term solutions and the other for long-term solutions. The best solution in short-term : Looking for some temporary raw material suppliers,make sure the new toys are available on time. The company can hire temporary employees because work has to be done in a short time.Make sure employees work hours. The best solution in long-term: 1.The departments will communication together, set a clear goal, assign tasks and work together and they should make contingency plan in the future . 2. ToyTime company could introduce one more new toys next year to attract children . Work with advertisers and TV , get the topic . Conclusion Above all, it is suggested that the ToyTime Company can use KPI management tool to help solve the companys problems and also can be identify by the SMARTprinciple.The departments are working in one direction to achieve the companys goals. Executive Summary Teamwork is the main ingredient in a company.Communication is the most part of teamwork,communication can solve the problem and the problem in the ToyTime company are mainly the lack of communication between the various departments.If this company want to solve the problem quickly I think they need to change some management methods.KPI and SAMRT principle are very useful management tools to change management methods.But this is my personal opinion. References List https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis https://www.klipfolio.com/resources/articles/what-is-a-key-performance-indicator http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/SMART%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99